A comparison of the prevalence of dry mouth and other symptoms using two different versions of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System on an inpatient palliative care unit.

BACKGROUND: Symptom assessment is key to effective symptom management and palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. Symptom prevalence and severity estimates vary widely, possibly dependent on the assessment tool used. Are symptoms specifically asked about or must the patients add them as additional symptoms? This study compared the prevalence and severity of patient-reported symptoms in two different versions of a multi-symptom assessment tool. In one version, three symptoms dry mouth, constipation, sleep problems were among those systematically assessed, while in the other, these symptoms had to be added as an "Other problem". METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included adult patients with advanced cancer at an inpatient palliative care unit. Data were collected from two versions of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): modified (ESAS-m) listed 11 symptoms and revised (ESAS-r) listed 9 and allowed patients to add one "Other problem". Seven similar symptoms were listed in both versions. RESULTS: In 2013, 184 patients completed ESAS-m, and in 2017, 156 completed ESAS-r. Prevalence and severity of symptoms listed in both versions did not differ. In ESAS-m, 83% reported dry mouth, 73% constipation, and 71% sleep problems, but on ESAS-r, these symptoms were reported by only 3%, 15% and < 1%, respectively. Although ESAS-r severity scores for these three symptoms were higher than on ESAS-m, differences did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: We identified significant differences in patient symptom reporting based on whether symptoms like dry mouth, obstipation and sleep problems were specifically assessed or had to be added by patients as an "Other problem".

A call for trauma-informed dental care for individuals with intellectual disabilities.

People with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of dental anxiety and poor oral health. In addition, people with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk of potentially traumatic experiences, such as violence and sexual abuse, and appear to be more vulnerable to developing trauma-related disorders following such experiences. While psychological trauma is associated with poor oral health and dental anxiety in the general population, the potential link between dental anxiety, poor oral health and psychological trauma is yet to be explored in people with intellectual disabilities. In this conceptual paper, we provide an overview of recent findings concerning the relationships between oral health and intellectual disabilities, psychological trauma and intellectual disabilities, as well as between psychological trauma and oral health, and discuss the relevance of these findings related to dental care for people with intellectual disabilities. We conclude that psychological trauma is likely to contribute to dental anxiety and poor oral health also in people with intellectual disabilities. Implications include an urgent need for research exploring how trauma affects oral health and experiences of dental care for people with intellectual disabilities, as well as the importance of individualized and trauma-informed dental care for these individuals.

Identification and susceptibility testing of oral candidiasis in advanced cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced cancer are prone to develop different opportunistic oral infection due to anti-cancer treatment or the malignancies themselves. Studies of oral fungal samples show an increased prevalence of non-Candida albicans species in mixed oral infections with Candida albicans. Non-C. albicans and C. albicans are associated with varying degrees of resistance to azoles, which may have implications for treatment. This study aimed to assess the diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida species detected in the oral cavity. METHODS: An observational study with microbiological analysis was conducted. Clinical fungal isolates were collected from patients in a hospice unit in 2014-2016. Isolates were re-grown on chromID® Candida plates in 2020. Single colony of each species was re-cultivated and prepared for biochemical identification with a VITEK2® system and verified by gene sequencing. Etest was performed on RPMI agar, and the antifungals fluconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin and nystatin were applied. RESULTS: Fifty-six isolates from 45 patients were identified. Seven different Candida species and one Saccharomyces species were detected. The results of biochemical identification were confirmed with sequencing analysis. Thirty-six patients had mono infection, and nine out of 45 patients had 2-3 different species detected. Of C. albicans strains, 39 out of 40 were susceptible to fluconazole. Two non-C. albicans species were resistant to fluconazole, one to amphotericin B and three to anidulafungin. CONCLUSION: C. albicans was the predominant species, with a high susceptibility to antifungal agents. Different Candida species occur in both mono and mixed infections. Identification and susceptibility testing may therefore lead to more effective treatment and may prevent the development of resistance among patients with advanced cancer. TRAIL REGISTRATION: The study Oral Health in Advanced Cancer was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT02067572) in 20/02/2014.

AXIN2-related oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome with cleft palate as a possible new feature.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in AXIN2 have been associated with tooth agenesis, colon polyps, and colon cancer. Given the rare nature of this phenotype, we set out to collect additional genotypic and phenotypic information. METHODS: Data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Sequencing was performed in these patients mostly due to diagnostic purpose. A little more than half of the AXIN2 variant carriers were identified by NGS; other six were family members. RESULTS: Here, we report 13 individuals with a heterozygous AXIN2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant who have a variable expression of oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome (OMIM 608615) or oligodontia-cancer predisposition syndrome (ORPHA 300576). Three individuals from one family also had cleft palate, which might represent a new clinical feature of AXIN2 phenotype, also given the fact that AXIN2 polymorphisms have been found in association with oral clefting in population studies. AXIN2 has already been added to multigene cancer panel tests; further research should be conducted to determine whether it should be added to cleft lip/palate multigene panels. CONCLUSION: More clarity about oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome, about the variable expression, and associated cancer risks is needed to improve clinical management and to establish guidelines for surveillance. We collected information about the surveillance that was advised, which might support clinical management of these patients.

Barriers and factors influencing communication between dental professionals and Child Welfare Services in their everyday work.

BACKGROUND: Among various health professionals, general dental professionals (GDPs) screen children frequently, giving them a unique opportunity to act upon suspicion of child maltreatment. The dental team has received considerable attention regarding safeguarding children. AIM: The aims of this study were to explore whether GDPs have mutual collaboration and communication with the Child Welfare Services (CWS), and potential barriers for reporting child maltreatment. DESIGN: An electronically pre-coded questionnaire was sent to all GDPs (n = 131) in the Public Dental Health Service (PDHS) in Oslo. Frequency distributions and statistical analysis were carried out by chi-squared statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The response rate was 75%. Ninety per cent of GDPs had received requests from CWS to provide a child's dental chart. General dental professionals reported child maltreatment frequently (71%), but CWS only gave feedback in 55% of the cases. Uncertainty was the most common reason for not reporting and 33% of the GDPs had chosen not to send a report despite suspicion. Using guidelines increased frequency of reporting (OR 3.6). CONCLUSIONS: Mutual collaboration and communication should be improved in the task of safeguarding children. Uncertainty and lack of guidelines may act as barriers for not reporting to the CWS.

Experiences of daily life and oral rehabilitation in oligodontia - a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative research indicate increased anxiety and poorer mental health related quality of life (QoL) in individuals with oligodontia (congenital absence of six or more teeth). The aim of this qualitative study was to complement and explore the individuals' experiences of life and oral rehabilitation, hopefully improving the care for these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve participants (6 females, 6 males, aged 21-48) with oligodontia and experiences of comprehensive dental treatments, consented to participate in a semi-structured interview. The questions in the interview guide were based on previous research and clinical experience and included both open (i.e. how is your life?) and specific questions (i.e. do health care personnel know enough about your condition?). The interview transcripts were coded and analysed using a phenomenological method of analysis. The Regional Ethics Committee approved the study. RESULTS: The following themes grew out of the data; 'feeling of being different', 'the burden of treatment', 'shared decision-making', 'treatment increases self-esteem' and 'use of coping strategies'. Psychological distress and reduced QoL seemed to be related to negative aspects of the themes, which covered unacceptable aesthetics, reduced orofacial function, the long-term process of oral rehabilitation, and negative experiences with healthcare services. The informants used problem focused and emotionally focused strategies to meet these challenges. Finalizing oral rehabilitation and shared decision making were positive aspects of the themes. CONCLUSION: All themes expressed by the participants were of importance for experienced QoL and psychological distress, and should be acknowledged by health care personnel when planning and performing treatment.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux - an important causative factor of severe tooth wear in Prader-Willi syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is the most common genetic human obesity syndrome and is characterized by hypotonia, endocrine disturbances, hyperphagia, obesity and mild mental retardation. Oral abnormalities, such as decreased salivary flow rates and extreme tooth wear, have also been described. Studies have shown a significant increase in reflux symptoms in individuals with obstuctive sleep apnoea syndrome and increased BMI, both of which are typical findings in PWS. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has been identified in some individuals with PWS and is a significant intrinsic factor in dental tooth wear. The aim of this study was therefore to estimate the prevalence of GORD in adults and children and to evaluate a possible correlation between GORD and tooth wear in adults with PWS. They were all registered at the TAKO-centre. RESULTS: Twenty-nine individuals, 17 adults with a mean age of 32.6 years (range 18-48) and 12 children with a mean age of 8.8 years (range 3-17), agreed to undergo 24-hour oesophageal pH monitoring, and 90% of those enrolled managed to complete the examination. Four children and eleven adults were diagnosed with pathological gastro-oesophageal reflux, which is defined as acid exposure (pH less than 4) more than 3.6 or 4.3 percent of the time, respectively. Manometry performed in the adult group showed a pathologically high lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in four of the five individuals who had normal oesophageal pH values (pH under 4 less than 4.3% of the time). The two groups (reflux and non-reflux) were well balanced according to BMI, genotype, tooth grinding and hyposalivation. However, twice as many individuals in the reflux group as in the non-reflux group reported high consumption of acidic foods and drinks. Increased tooth wear was significantly correlated with GORD in the two groups (reflux n=6 and non-reflux n=6). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux is high in individuals with PWS. Tooth wear was strongly associated with GORD and acidic drinks, and both may be important aetiological factors underlying the extreme tooth wear in this group. Our data suggest a need for routine screening for GORD and dental wear in young individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Associations between ectodermal dysplasia, psychological distress and quality of life in a group of adults with oligodontia.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess demographics, self-reported signs of ectodermal dysplasia (problems with hair, nails, skin and sweat glands), present teeth, previous dental treatment, psychological distress and QoL in individuals with oligodontia, and to explore the associations between these factors. We also aimed to compare the level of psychological distress and QoL between the study group and normative samples. METHODS: Forty-seven individuals with oligodontia registered at a resource centre in Norway were included in the study. The participants completed self-administered questionnaires on demographics, ED signs, dental treatments, psychological distress and QoL (overall, health-related- and oral health-related QoL). Relevant statistics (independent t-test, correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regressions) were used. RESULTS: Thirty-five participants reported ED signs. Forty-one participants had tooth replacements (nine had removable dentures). Sixteen had ≤10 present teeth, 13 perceived dry mouth and seven were unemployed. Persons with ≤10 present teeth had higher anxiety- and depression-scores than those having >10 present teeth. Unemployment, dry mouth and removable dentures indicated poor health-related- and oral health related QoL. Compared to a normative sample; the study group had significantly poorer mental health (MH)-related QoL, mean (SD); (51.1(8.2) versus 46.8(9.3), p < .001) and more anxiety, mean (SD); (4.5(3.1) versus 6.7(3.6), p < .001). ED signs and treatments were most important for psychological distress and MH related QoL (MCS), whereas demographic parameters were most important for the other QoL measures. CONCLUSIONS: The psychological burden of oligodontia is significant, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach by caregivers.

Living with orofacial conditions: psychological distress and quality of life in adults affected with Treacher Collins syndrome, cherubism, or oligodontia/ectodermal dysplasia-a comparative study.

PURPOSE: The relationship between quality of life, psychological distress, and orofacial syndromes in children and adolescents has been reported in several studies. However, little is known about differences in psychological distress and quality of life among adults with different orofacial conditions. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine and compare these factors among three groups of adults affected by Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS), cherubism, and oligodontia/ectodermal dysplasia (ED). METHODS: We included 11 individuals with TCS (mean age 46.9, SD 12.9 years), 15 with cherubism (mean age 50.3, SD 16.8 years), and 49 with oligodontia/ED (mean age 30.7, SD 15.6 years). The respondents completed questionnaires related to psychological distress and quality of life. RESULTS: The oligodontia/ED group had a significantly higher level of anxiety and worse mental health-related quality of life than both the TCS and cherubism groups. Adults with TCS reported the highest level of depression, and the lowest levels of overall quality of life, well-being, and physical health-related quality of life. The cherubism group displayed the best overall quality of life, well-being, and mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress and quality of life differed in various orofacial conditions. This study provided insight into these aspects that may contribute to improved care.

Man with macrocephaly, learning disability and multiple basal cell carcinomas.

Gorlin syndrome is a rare genetic condition in which patients may develop medulloblastomas, jaw cysts and basal cell carcinomas and show congenital skeletal malformations. If left undiagnosed, Gorlin syndrome can have a number of negative consequences. Early diagnosis and good follow-up is important for all patients with rare disorders. We wish to make doctors and dentists aware of Gorlin syndrome so that, whenever the syndrome is suspected or a patient has been diagnosed, the patient is referred for assessment, treatment and follow-up by specialists who know the disorder well. Dermatology departments at university hospitals and departments of medical genetics have a key role to play in assessment and follow-up. A national support group for Gorlin syndrome has been established, consisting of a dermatologist, oncologist, geneticist, paediatrician, specialist dentist, ophthalmologist, orthopaedic surgeon, plastic surgeon, oral and maxillofacial surgeon and counsellors. Patients, relatives and health professionals can contact the Centre for Rare Disorders directly for information about Gorlin syndrome, or to be put in touch with members of the group.

Orofacial functions and oral health associated with Treacher Collins syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe orofacial features and functions and oral health associated with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) in relation to the variable phenotypic expression of the condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S), MHC Questionnaire, MHC Observation chart and clinical examinations of nasal and pharyngeal conditions and chewing and swallowing function were used to assess 19 individuals aged 5-74 years (median 34 years). TCS severity scores were calculated by a clinical geneticist. RESULTS: Orofacial features characterizing the study group were altered profile, increased mandibular angle, narrow hypopharynx and facial asymmetry. Basic orofacial functions such as breathing, eating, facial expression and speech were affected in all subjects demonstrating orofacial dysfunction in at least two NOT-S domains (median NOT-S total score 4/12, range 2-7). Significant correlation was found between the TCS severity scores reflecting phenotypic expression and the NOT-S total scores reflecting orofacial function. Self-reported experience of dry oral mucosa was common. Overall, dental health was good with few carious lesions diagnosed, but considerable need for orthodontic treatment was documented. CONCLUSIONS: Altered orofacial features and functions in TCS are common and often persist into late adolescence and adulthood. The functional level was correlated with the phenotypic variability of the condition. The standard of oral health was satisfactory. The findings indicated that individuals with TCS are likely to require lifelong health services related to their oral condition.

Saliva in Prader-Willi syndrome: quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate salivary flow rates and assess whole salivary total protein, MUC7 and cystatin in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) compared with healthy controls. DESIGN: The participants were forty-eight individuals with PWS (mean age 20.2 ± 9.5) and an age- and sex-matched control group. Flow rates of unstimulated whole saliva (UWS), stimulated whole saliva (SWS), submandibular/sublingual (SS), and parotid saliva (PS) were recorded (ml/min) and unstimulated whole saliva used for further protein analysis. Total protein concentration was determined via the bicinchoninic acid method, and MUC7 and cystatin levels via a Dot Blot. RESULTS: Mean UWS (0.12 ± 0.11 vs. 0.32 ± 0.20, p<0.001), SWS (0.41 ± 0.35 vs. 1.06 ± 0.63, p<0.001) and SS (0.27 ± 0.19 vs. 0.50 ± 0.29, p<0.001) salivary flow rates were significantly lower in PWS compared with controls. No significant difference was found in PS flow rate between the two groups. The mean total protein concentration (mg/ml) was 3.19 ± 3.04 in PWS compared with 1.32 ± 1.11 in controls (p<0.001). Median concentration of MUC7 (mg/ml) was 1.29 (0.11-10.85) in the PWS group, and 0.39 (0.03-2.22) in the control group (p<0.001). No significant difference was found in cystatin concentration between the groups. The output of proteins did not differ significantly between PWS and controls. CONCLUSION: With the exception of parotid saliva, salivary flow rates were lower among individuals with PWS than in their matched controls. Saliva protein concentrations in UWS were high compared with the healthy group, although the protein output did not differ significantly.

Severe tooth wear in Prader-Willi syndrome. A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multsystemic genetic disorder characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia, endocrine disturbances, hyperphagia and obesity, mild mental retardation, learning disabilities, facial dysmorphology and oral abnormalities. The purpose of the present study was to explore the prevalence of tooth wear and possible risk factors in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. METHODS: Forty-nine individuals (6-40 years) with PWS and an age- and sex-matched control group were included. Tooth wear was evaluated from dental casts and intraoral photographs and rated by four examiners using the Visual Erosion Dental Examination (VEDE) scoring system and the individual tooth wear index IA. In accordance with the VEDE scoring system, tooth wear was also evaluated clinically. Whole saliva was collected. RESULTS: Mean VEDE score was 1.70 ± 1.44 in the PWS group and 0.46 ± 0.36 in the control group (p < 0.001). Median IA was 7.50 (2.60-30.70) in the PWS group and 2.60 (0.90-4.70) among controls (p < 0.001). In the PWS group tooth wear correlated significantly with age (VEDE; r = 0.79, p < 0.001, IA; r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and saliva secretion (VEDE; r = 0.46, p = 0.001, IA; r = 0.43, p = 0.002). Tooth grinding was also associated with tooth wear in the PWS group, as indicated by the mean VEDE 2.67 ± 1.62 in grinders and 1.14 ± 0.97 in non-grinders (p = 0.001) and median IA values 25.70 (5.48-68.55) in grinders and 5.70 (1.60-9.10) in non-grinders (p = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed with tooth wear as the dependent variable and PWS (yes/no), age, tooth grinding and saliva secretion as independent variables. PWS (yes/no), age and tooth grinding retained a significant association with tooth wear, VEDE (p < 0.001) and log IA (p < 0.001). The only factor significantly associated with tooth wear in the control group was age. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that tooth wear, in terms of both erosion and attrition, is a severe problem in Prader-Willi syndrome. There is therefore considerable need for prosthodontic rehabilitation in young adults with PWS.

Salivary gland pathology as a new finding in Treacher Collins syndrome.

In our clinical experience, individuals with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) present with more complaints of oral dryness and higher caries activity than seen in the general population. A literature review identified no reports of salivary gland pathology and glandular dysfunction associated with TCS. Twenty-one Norwegian individuals with TCS underwent ultrasound examinations and salivary secretion tests of the submandibular and parotid glands. Intraglandular architecture patterns were analyzed and subsequently classified as either normal, dysplastic, or aplastic. The results were compared with salivary secretion rates and subjective reports of oral dryness. Ultrasound examination revealed pathological appearance of the salivary glands in approximately half (48%) of the individuals, with dysplasia identified in six (29%) participants and aplasia in four (19%). Almost all participants had co-existing low salivary secretion rates. A few individuals had low salivary secretion rates despite normal appearance of the salivary gland tissue on ultrasound examination. Subjective experience of oral dryness did not correlate significantly with low salivary secretion rates. We conclude that mild to severe salivary gland pathology and dysfunction can be associated with TCS. Further investigation is needed to clarify this association.

Drooling: are botulinum toxin injections into the major salivary glands a good treatment option?

There are several treatment options available for drooling; botulinum toxin injections into the major salivary glands are one. There is no consensus as to how many and which glands should be injected. A research project on this topic was terminated because of adverse effects. Individual results and the adverse effects are described and discussed in this article. Six individuals with cerebral palsy were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups, with five individuals receiving ultrasound-guided injections to parotid and submandibular glands and one receiving injections to the submandibular glands only. Reduction of observed drooling was registered in 3, while 4 patients reported subjective improvement (Visual Analog Scale). Two participants reported adverse effects, including dysphagia, dysarthria, and increased salivary viscosity. Injections with botulinum toxin can be a useful treatment option but there is a risk of adverse effects. Multidisciplinary evaluation and informed discussions with patients/caregivers are important factors in the decision-making process.

Dental developmental disturbances in 50 individuals with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; relation to medical conditions?

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study were to examine tooth and enamel disturbances in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and to analyze associations with medical conditions, birth characteristics and blood values of calcium and PTH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty individuals participated in the study (27 females, median age 10 years, range 1.5-44). Congenital absence of teeth was studied on orthopantomograms; 1148 teeth were examined, both clinically and radiologically, and enamel hypomineralizations and hypoplasias were recorded. Medical history and findings were recorded as part of a larger study on the manifestations of 22q11.2-deletion syndrome in Norway. RESULTS: Tooth agenesis was observed in 15% of study participants. Sixty-six percent of the participants and 26.0% of teeth presented with enamel disturbances. Of these, 12 individuals (24.0%) and 215 teeth (18.7%) had hypomineralizations and four individuals (8.0%) and 86 teeth (7.5%) had hypoplasias. Seventeen participants (34.0%) presented with both types of disturbance, but rarely in the same tooth. Only two teeth (0.17%) had both types of disturbance. Hypomineralizations were twice as frequent in permanent as in primary teeth. No correlations were found to medical conditions, except that participants with congenital cardiac anomalies presented with fewer total enamel disturbances and hypomineralizations in permanent teeth than those without. CONCLUSIONS: Enamel disturbances were frequently seen. There were more hypomineralizations than hypoplasias. Hypoparathyroidism and/or hypocalcemia are not clear etiological factors for enamel disturbances and there were no major correlations between medical conditions and enamel disturbances.

Salivary flow rate and oral findings in Prader-Willi syndrome: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex multisystemic genetic disorder. AIM. The objective of this study was to provide a systematic assessment of whole saliva secretion and oral manifestations associated with PWS. DESIGN. Fifty individuals (5-40 years) with PWS and an age- and sex-matched control group were included. Whole saliva was collected. All participants underwent an anamnestic interview. Radiological and dental clinical examinations were carried out to identify hypodontia, dental caries, enamel defects and gingival inflammation. RESULTS. Mean whole salivary flow rate was 0.12 ± 0.11 mL/min in the study group compared with 0.32 ± 0.20 mL/min in the control group (P < 0.001). Hypodontia was significantly more common in PWS (P < 0.001), and dental caries in the age group >19 years was significantly lower in PWS (P = 0.04) compared with the controls. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition or in the frequency of enamel defects in the permanent dentition between the two groups. Median Gingival Index was significantly higher in the Prader-Willi group compared with the controls (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS. Low salivary flow is a consistent finding in PWS. Nevertheless, despite dry mouth and dietary challenges, dental caries is not increased in Norwegian individuals with PWS.

Oral findings in adults with osteogenesis imperfecta.

This paper describes oral findings in an adult population with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in Norway (n=94). All participants underwent a structured interview and an oral examination. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed. The findings were compared with data from other Nordic epidemiological studies. Seventeen individuals (19%) had clinical signs of dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI). Persons with OI had twice as many missing teeth as the general population, and the number of endodontically treated teeth was higher than in the general population. All persons in the study had an acceptable state of tooth tissue loss. Almost all (97%) of the participants in the study group visited a dentist or a dental hygienist regularly. The results of the study indicated a low prevalence of clinical DI compared with previous reported studies. Oral health was not as good in the population with OI when compared with the general population, although daily oral health habits were good and dental visits were regular.